Meet the World's First Carbon Nanotube Computer |
The first carbon nanotube computer, a long-sought alternative to silicon, is unveiled.
By Katherine Bourzac|Monday, January 27, 2014
RELATED TAGS: COMPUTERS, NANOTECHNOLOGY
For decades, the computer chip industry has steadily improved devices’ performance by cramming ever more, ever tinier silicon transistors — the components that make up circuits — onto each chip. But the unreliability of silicon transistors smaller than about 10 nanometers means the pace of progress in silicon-based computing will soon slow.
The implications of that slowing could be dramatic, says Stanford University circuit designer Subhasish Mitra. Imagine, he says, an alternate reality where silicon hit its limits in 2001: In this world, smartphones don’t exist.
In September, Mitra and materials scientist Philip Wong demonstrated a long-sought alternative: the first carbon nanotube (CNT) computer, built from transistors made not from silicon, but from single-atom-thick straws of carbon, called carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes are only about 1 or 2 nanometers in diameter, but their fundamental electronic properties make it possible to send strong signals using far smaller transistors than is possible with silicon.
Because CNT devices use about a tenth as much power as comparable silicon systems, they could one day offer substantial energy savings, too. But don’t expect to go weeks without recharging your phone anytime soon: Mitra and Wong’s CNT computer has only 178 transistors, compared with the billions of transistors that comprise today’s complex silicon circuits. And it can perform only simple tasks, like adding numbers. The Stanford researchers compare their achievement to the first silicon computers built in the early 1970s. “This is just the beginning,” Mitra says.
[This article originally appeared in print as "Test Tubes: A Computer Powered by Carbon."]
This Year's Top Video Games and Gear
With the release of genre-blurring games and much-hyped new devices, 2013 was a good year to be a gamer.
By Bill Andrews|Tuesday, November 26, 2013
RELATED TAGS: VIRTUAL REALITY, COMPUTERS
Genre-blurring titles and groundbreaking hardware dominated the video game scene in 2013. At press time, we were still waiting to get our hands on the much-hyped new consoles, Xbox One and PlayStation 4. But there are plenty of other reasons it’s good to be a gamer right now.
Most sequels never surpass the original. Then there’s Bioshock Infinite. Vibrant scenery, swashbuckling combat and a mind-bending, quantumlicious story all improve on 2007’s Bioshock, itself a masterpiece. Protagonist Booker DeWitt roams a floating city with supernatural abilities and improvised weapons, looking for the girl who can solve all his problems. Oh, and it all happens in 1912. Deciphering the byzantine plot only adds to the experience.
Resembling night vision goggles, the OR allows gamers to immerse themselves in virtual environments. It can be used with a variety of games, mostly first-person shooters (naturally). With a slew of endorsements from prominent game developers, expect the number of compatible titles to grow. The OR may be as close as we’ll get to Star Trek’s Holodeck — for now, at least.
Believe (most of) the hype: TLOU is incredible. This infectious third-person adventure is notable for its rich character development. Pair that with hyper-real graphics and a grounding in science (the game’s apocalyptic fungal plague is Cordyceps, a real-world pathogen), and you’ve got an experience as terrifying as it is terrific.
With its Kinect add-on for the Xbox 360, Microsoft one-upped Sony’s and Nintendo’s motion-sensitive, wireless handheld controllers by allowing players to control games with just their bodies. The Xbox One comes with an updated Kinect, which boasts a more sensitive camera: The device can track up to six people, see in the dark and even detect a player’s heart rate — a little creepy, sure, but also technically impressive.
Playing Soviet-style border patrol agent and checking documents turns out to be fun — even addictive. But when the tasks get more complicated and the consequences more depressing (detain an honest citizen, or let your family starve?), your decisions may reveal more than you want to know. It’s a rare game that makes bureaucratic paperwork both exciting and a portal into your psyche.
The year ahead: ten amazing science and technology innovations coming up in 2014
From the world's largest underground hotel to Star Wars-style holographic communication, the coming year is set to unveil an array of incredible advances in science and technology
By Paul Kendall and Chris Bell
10:00PM GMT 28 Dec 2013
245 Comments
Beam yourself across the world
The growth in video communication has been exponential. Skype now boasts 300 million users, and a 2012 Ipsos/Reuters poll revealed one in five people worldwide now frequently “telecommuted” to work. But Star Trek fans will be happy to hear that incoming technology will add a further dimension to international conference calls. Known as holographic telepresence, it involves transmitting a three-dimensional moving image of you at each destination – allowing you to converse as if you were in the room. One system from Musion, based in Britain, uses Pepper’s Ghost, an effect popular with illusionists, to beam moving images onto sloped glass. Musion has already digitally resurrected rapper Tupac Shakur at a music festival. But full 3D holographic communication is not far behind – in the shape of the Polish company Leia. Named after the Star Wars princess, its Leia Display XL uses laser projectors to beam images onto a cloud of water vapour. The result is a walk-in holographic room, in which 3D objects can be viewed and manipulated from every angle. An IBM survey of 3,000 researchers recently named holographic video calls as one technology they expected to see in place in the next year or so.
Formula E racing
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If you think the atmosphere at a Formula 1 grand prix is electric, you’re going to love the new motor sport starting next year. Formula E will see drivers racing around city-centre circuits - including London - in battery-powered electric cars. The new championship, which is backed by the FIA, motor racing’s governing body, promises cars as sexy as those driven by Lewis Hamilton, Sebastian Vettel et al, but with lithium-ion batteries and electric motors instead of fuel tanks and pistons. And, while their top speed is expected to be 155mph, slower than Formula 1, the event will compensate with exciting street circuits and brightly-lit night events. The pit stops will be different too: with the batteries running out of juice after 20 minutes, drivers won’t just change their tires, they’ll jump into new cars. The season is scheduled to start on September 13 in Beijing, with further races in the streets of Rio de Janeiro, Berlin and Los Angeles amongst others, before the final event in the centre of London on June 27 2015.
Faster online deliveries
In this age of instant gratification, waiting days for internet purchases to arrive suddenly seems very 2013. So, from next year, behemoths like Amazon and eBay will be stepping up their efforts to deliver goods on the same day they’re bought, even if that day’s a Sunday. Eventually, Amazon founder Jeff Bezos envisions unmanned drones bringing products to our doors within half-an-hour. In the meantime, he’s increasing his number of warehouses and overhauling his partnerships with couriers to get us what we want as quickly as possible. It’s another nail in the coffin of traditional bricks-and-mortar stores.
Virgin Galactic launches. Yes, really
Despite delays in testing – the first flights were promised by 2011 – Sir Richard Branson’s dream of making money in space is nearing reality. A test flight was completed in April, and it was announced in November that television network NBC has agreed to televise the first ever public flight from New Mexico “sometime in 2014”.
The Swiss Army knife of credit cards
According to a recent survey, one in five consumers in America no longer carry any cash on them. From next year, they won’t need their ever-growing collection of plastic payment cards either. San Francisco company Coin has invented a device the same size as a credit card that holds the information of up to eight debit, credit, loyalty or gift cards. Customers press a button to choose which one they want to use and then simply swipe their Coin in the usual way. And if you lose your Coin? The card is synched to your smartphone and when the two are separated your phone receives a notification. In other words: you can’t leave home (or a shop, or a restaurant) without it.
Shanghai’s underground hotel
In an abandoned quarry at the base of China’s Tianmenshan Mountain, 30 miles outside Shanghai, an extraordinary hotel is taking shape. At a cost of £345 million, the InterContinental Hotels Group is building a five-star resort that will boast two floors above the top of the 330ft rock face and another 17 storeys below ground level, two of which will be underwater. If construction goes to plan, the first guests at “the world’s lowest hotel” will check-in by the end of 2014.
Countdown to Mars
As it stands, if you felt the urge to make the 54-million-mile trip to Mars, it would take you nine months. That’s around 39 weeks dealing with cosmic radiation, asteroids and wastage to your bones and muscles.
But VASIMR could change all that. Set to be tested aboard the International Space Station in late 2014 to early 2015, the Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket is an experimental engine that, if it works, could get us there in three months.
To simplify enormously: existing chemical rockets only produce short bursts of speed as they burn a vast amount of fuel in one go, but at a relatively low velocity. By contrast, VASIMR takes a tiny bit of propellant (plasma), heats it to very high temperatures (two million degrees centrigrade) using radio waves, then uses magnetic fields to push it out at extremely high velocities. The result is a steady, continuous acceleration to higher speeds, using far less fuel.
In theory. One current problem is the power required to heat the plasma. For short flights near Earth, solar panels suffice. But a mission to Mars would require a far bigger continuous power supply – and that means a wider initiative to build a nuclear reactor small and safe enough for the trip.
But manufacturers Ad Astra – lead by former NASA astronaut Dr Franklin Chang Díaz – say VASIMR is a game-changer. Better still, for the sci-fi fans among us, VASIMR even burns with the same bluish tint and luminescence of fictional spaceships engines. Which is what scientists like to call “the clincher”.
More transparent shopping
For some people, it’s about whether the factory workers are being treated ethically. For others, it’s about the impact upon the environment. For a great deal more of us, it’s about checking whether you’re about to feed your child a Turkey Twizzler made out of freshly-slaughtered Romanian horse. Either way: in the age of globalisation, knowing where your product has been made or grown, and its route to market, has taken on a new importance.
Embracing this shift in consumer priorities is Provenance (www.provenance.it) - a new type of search engine attempting to chronicle just that. From chocolate bars to jackets to shoes to chef’s knives, Provenance tells you where a product is made, who the manufacturer is and what the product is made from.
But while Provenance includes vivid personal stories from farmers, workers, craftspeople and so on, there’s no attempt to catch out corporations with their hands in the sweatshop, Roger Cook style. Instead, the site works in collaboration with everyone from small-batch producers to large multinationals in the hope that, by simply taking the mystery out of supply chains and worldwide commerce, the site will help shoppers make better choices. As well as gently forcing companies to improve their environmental and social impact.
Fecal bacteriotherapy
Not every emerging scientific advance is complex, or sophisticated. Or, for that matter, something you'd discuss at the dinner table. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) – the process of transferring fecal bacteria from a healthy individual into a sick recipient - has been around since 1957. But it’s only in the last decade that FMT has been seen as simple, safe, low cost, low risk, accessible, and, apparently, a permanent treatment alternative to increasingly high-strength antibiotics.
To explain: when a patient is given broad-spectrum antibiotics, the effect is to carpet-bomb all the healthy bacteria that live in our guts, leaving the patient open to infection by other bacteria - such as the potentially fatal Clostridium difficile. Since 2000, hypervirulent strains of C. difficile have developed, and now kill over 2,000 people a year in the UK alone. But FMT is the shock troops: a quick, easy way of restoring healthy bacteria into your guts to fight the infection. And fight they do: an incredible 89% of patients are instantly, and permanently, cured.
And new research suggests FMT might also offer cures for not just IBS, colitis, constipation and colonic ulcers – but also a growing number of neurological and auto-immune conditions such as Parkinson's. In October it was announced FMT was now available in pill form, making it slightly more appealing.